Research Ethics Stanford Prison Experiment Summary Essay Example for Free

Research Ethics Stanford Prison Experiment Summary EssayThe Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was conducted in 1971 at Stanford University in the basement of the psychology building. Philip Zimbardo as lead researcher headed the research team to study the impact of situational variables on human behaviour. Zimbardo and his team advertised for volunteers to a social experiment offering $15 in payment per day. Wanting to examine the dark side of human nature, applicants were required to have no criminal record, no psychological issues and no study medical conditions.Each of the 70 applicants were psychologically tested and the 24 most normal were selected to take part in the SPE. The 24 selected participants were then divided into cardinal groups randomly, with one half being prisoners and the other half being guards. The guards were taken to the mock prison before the prisoners arrived to help in the final stages of the prisons construction and to help select their military styl e uniforms, this was to give the guards a sense of ownership over the prison environment.Alternatively the prisoners were surprised with real patrol and authentic processing before being incarcerated into the prison. Despite it being an artificially created environment the guards and prisoners quickly altered their behaviour in response to the situational variables of the experiment. Prisoners were dehumanized and their individuation stripped away, while the guards became increasingly more sadistic and degrading towards the prisoners. After the guards crushed an early attempted rebellion by the prisoners, one prisoner was released for playacting irrationally to a point that seemed pathological.After this some of the prisoners became super-conformist, following rules to the letter. While other prisoners began to act crazy in an effort to passively escape kindred the first released prisoner. The guards fell into three categories with some acting sadistically and degrading towards the prisoners, others going completely by the book and some guards acting kindly and doing small favours for the prisoners. no(prenominal) of guards ever intervened or questioned the actions of other guards however no matter what kind of guard they were.The experiment was terminated early after just six eld when an outsider, a recent PhD graduate came in from the outside and saw how out of control the experiment had become. Ethical issues that arose during the SPE were the harm done to the participants. Guards were allowed to inflict real put out and humiliation on the prisoners over an extended period of time. The experiment was allowed to continue for longer than it should have because the participants and observers fell too deeply into their roles. There was also teeny or no regard for the participants confidentiality during the SPE.

This computerized world Essay Example for Free

This computerized world EssayNow, in our society all over the world technology is the most important advancement, a demand in bringing about progress as we move along in this computerized world. These changes in effectmake mans life easier and more convenient. The relationship amongst the depository subroutine subroutine subroutine library and computer is constantly changing that the use of computer contributes to the way man learns and communicates. It easy in this world to strive for changes and since library is no divergent from any firm and institution, considering the use of computer to perform a given task provide be efficient. The fast phased of technology attributed a lot to the improvementof the library administration. Technology enabled softw atomic number 18 developers to computerize the libraryorganization. The automated library system helped the academe greatly. subroutine library, transactionsand queries can be created in a single click. Traditionally, libr ary systems ar implement manually. Forms are given to librarian and they fill them of using pens. Computerized library system identifies the modern process of technology, on how it works quickly for the scholars and librarian.Pagadian Capitol College, base on the library system, the librarian and the library users still use the manual way of transacting of borrowing and affording of books. In the system we are going to make the manual library system into automated and computerized one. The manual library system is very costly, time consuming and tedious. Hence, computerized library system, the librarian can easily find the books of the student that they are looking for without going through the traditional way of searching a library material.And for the students, it can lessen the time and effort needed by them of the library. The capital punishment of the system will reduce the time and effort of the users in terms of adding, editing, searching, deleting and printing of record s. The system can also help in reducing the expenses of the library such as papers, folders, pens and other materials needed in their current system. The objective of the landing field was to develop a computerized library system that will store the students basic information, books record, list of borrowers, returned books, borrowed books, and prescription of the librarian.The study was about the Computerized Library System for the BotolanCommunity College. The implementation of the system will reduce the time and effort of the users in terms of adding, editing, searching, deleting and printing of records. Thesystem can also help in reducing the expenses of the library such as papers, folders, pensand other materials needed in their current system. The system is LAN-establish that enablesthe librarian to share the records of the student such as the borrowing books, returningbooks, search books, and prescriptions of the librarian.The students personal information/data may be stored upon the beseech of authorized librarian. The assignedlibrarians are the only one who can share any of the records/data of the students. Thesystem is not capable of sharing its data from other databases. The system will bedeveloped using the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0. This study will be beneficial to the following BCC Students . Through a computerized library system, they can easily find the booksthat they are looking for without going through the traditional way of searching a librarymaterial.Convenience is more visible for it is not time-consuming, resulting to a numberof accomplished works. Librarian. The computerized library system would improve the monitoring capacitiesof those who maintain the library. It would be easier to determine whether a particularbook is on-shelf or not. In addition, they can easily identify when will the borrowedmaterial be returned and if a borrower has failed to return the book on its due date. Furthermore, the librarian would be much guided when it comes to recognizing new- doinventory books, letting them arrange it promptly and accordingly.Related Literature Foreign According to Robson (2001), usability is a key requirement for users, says Elisabeth Robson, Product manager for Online Computer Library Center. The cataloguehas become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resourcesand web links. focusing systems also allow circulation, including check in/check outand enable libraries to purchase materials and track where they are. According to Chad (2009), consulting is at a major point of change in the wider information economy within which library systems form part of a larger whole.He waswriting in a briefing paper about the study in library trouble systems. This studyexamined the systems used in higher-education libraries across the UK and came up withsome significant observations and recommendations. It noted that the LMS market in UKhigher education is already mature and that iv main vend ors (ExLibris, Innovative,SirsiDynix and Talis) have almost 90 percent of the market. This market maturity means,according to the study authors, that the benefits to libraries of changing LMS provider arelimited.Library users expect to find everything together says Stephen Abram, vicepresident for innovation at SirsiDynix, the leading provider of software solutions andassociated operate for libraries. According to her traditionally, the library managementsystem or integrated library system (ILS) was responsible for running libraries efficientlyand effectively. Over the finishing few years, the role of the ILS has been expanding frommeeting library needs to delivering user experience.LocalAccording to Eden (2011), views that most libraries are forced to work with fewerstaff because of the having a more ameliorate and modernized system for their library. According also to the study, the library administration need to emphasize to their staff that the organization has a vested inte rest in providing them with the tools and trainingthey need to encourage the organization in the new information marketplace. These mayinclude search engines, circulation systems, and the online public access catalog.According to Lopez (2002), University of the Philippines Mindanao when UP inMindanao accepted its first batch of students in 1996, the Main Library collection wasintegrated with the core collection of the School of Management (SOM) Library at the Stanfilco Bldg. , Ladislawa Avenue, Buhangin, Davao City. The Filipiniana and GeneralReferences were housed together with the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) collectionin Room 2 of the Philippine Coconut Authority. In the second gear Semester AY 1996-1997,the CAS Library moved to its main campus in Bago Oshiro.Upon the recognition of UPin Mindanao by the Board of Regents (BOR) as a constituent unit (CU) of the UPSystem, the CAS was split into two (2), namely College of humanities and Social Sciences (CHSS) and the College of Science and Mathematics (CSM). The Main Librarytransferred to the newly renovated scoreing where the main collection was set-up besidethe books of the CHSS and the CSM. In July 2002, the library established the LibraryEducational Media and Information Technology Office (LEMITO). The LEMITOhandles the audio-visual services, earnings and the connectivity of the library.It currentlyholds office at the Elias B. Lopez Hall Dormitory. Later, the Main Library collectionwhich grew from 100 titles to 6,191 volumes at the end of May 2004, and was transferredto the Administration Bldg today, the Main Library occupies the former UP in MindanaoCultural Center (UPMCC) building. Related Studies Foreign According to Charuasia (2010), connotes the term library with use of automaticdata processing machines to perform routine library activities. It implies a high degree of mechanization of various routine and repetitive tasks operations and processes are leftto be performed by human worlds.The study stresses library automation as theapplication of computers and utilization of computer based products and services in theperformance of different operations and functions or in the provision of various servicesand output products. In addition to computer advancement, telecommunication andaudio-visual technologies gives away to new possibilities in information processing. According to Back Bailey (2010), explored the design space of mash-uptechniques for the faultless inclusion of information from net services into websites.They considered the cases where an Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) is either the target of such addition or the basis of the information being included. They focused on client-side techniques in which each users browser contacts Web services directly because this approach lends itself to the creation of HTML widgets. The widgets allowthe integration and customization of Web services without requiring programming. Theyalso described in detail the func tionality and use of several widget libraries and Webservices we built.Although the particular proposition requirements for (2010), explored the designspace of mash-up techniques for the faultless inclusion of information from Web servicesinto websites. They considered the cases where an Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC)is either the target of such addition or the basis of the information being included. Theyfocused on client-side techniques in which each users browser contacts Web services directly because this approach lends itself to the creation of HTML widgets. The widgetsallow the integration and customization of Web services without requiring programming.They also described in detail the functionality and use of several widget libraries andWeb services we built. Although the specific requirements for 13each system differbecause of their respective nature, all systems are designed to be deployable withminimum effort and resource requirements. This low entry cost, combined wi th theprovision of a high-level, non-programming interface, constitute two vital preconditionfor the broad adoption of techniques in libraries, which in turn has the voltage to vastlyincrease the reach and visibility of their electronic resources in the wider community.Local According to Lou (1986), a survey on the computer application in 223 libraries inMetro Manila. The study revealed that they prioritize the triad library functions to be computerized as cataloging, indexing, and circulation. However, the plans for automationfor the libraries cannot be implemented due to financial incapability of the libraries, andthe lack of funds from the government. Despite of this drawback, the libraries are notturning their backs unto the automation of their libraries.According to Agena (2008) made a study about the collection usage of thestudents of the Jose Rizal University in a period of three years using the quantitative andqualitative approach. The goal of the study is to treasure the usefulness of the faculty of students to their library and it been revealed that it is generally important for them to goto the library for their academic needs. - Beijing Foreign Studies University Library Library temporarily by the Chinese branch, contradictory oral communication books, periodicals reading room and library office.Collection of literature covering Britain, France, Russia, Germany, the West, Japan, Arab and other 49 languages, literature more than 110 meg copies total, 28 million copies of e-books, 1179 kinds of Chinese and foreign periodicals, nearly 11,000 of a variety of audiovisual materials , and foreign language electronic journal of nearly 26,000 species in 47 foreign language database, Own Special Database 4, the initial formation of the characteristics of language, literature, culture, primary data collection.In recent years, with the development of my subject construction, legal, diplomatic, economic, news and management literature also change magnitu de steadily. The library is located eight business and service sectors, a total of 53 staff, including Associate Research Librarian, Librarian 39. Libraries advanced ALEPH500 automated library management system to achieve the cataloging and retrieval of the museum and part of the Department of multilingual literature.Museum and National Library, as well as Peking University, the National Peoples Congress and other 40 University Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library interlibrary loan business, and the original delivery services provide CASHL and BALIS of foreign periodicals. In order to facilitate check teachers and students in off-campus access to library resources, the museum specially opened VPN remote access system.The overall goal of building 12 during the Beijing Foreign Studies University Library the liberalist realization of the collection features of the service information, specialization, and scientific management through active participation in the college literature resources to build a sharing system, and strive to build for the final documents of the domestic foreign language teaching and research support base and information service center, into a resource-rich, and diverse service, open and harmonious, the reader satisfied with international first-class research library.

Contemporary Perspectives Of Family In Society Sociology Essay

Contemporary Perspectives Of Family In Society Sociology EssayDEFINING THE FAMILY A family is a social building block made up of father, mother brothers and sisters. All these members play a very most-valuable role while living together, sharing problems with matchless another at the time of help. Love is the most important element in a family among these members without love and happiness these pillars of family has not the ability to stay longer and be with one another for a longer period of time.THE CENTRAL POSITION OF THE FAMILY IN SOCIETYIn order for the family to meet a childs psychological needs, its members must be nurturing, convey mutual respect, provide for intimacy, and engage in joining and attachment. The family also socializes the child, guiding the child to be members of the society beyond the family. The family conveys sacred and cultural beliefs and traditions to the close generation. The family is the childs source of economic resources, which meet the childs various physical needs for food, shelter, and clothing. Then, too, the family sees to it that the child receives health and dental c atomic number 18. The family also teaches morals and values to a child.WHY THE FAMILY IS theoretic wholly toldy SIGNIFICANTFamily is the most important unit of society and plays an essential role in fulfilling the emotional and physical needs of individuals, which is required for achieving economic and social development. only for a family to succeed it doesnt necessarily need to be a nuclear family, it needs hold water in caring for its family. If a society is at war, is hurt severe weather such as droughts, is made up of plurality living primarily in poverty, is a society with a high illiteracy rate, or is experiencing overwhelming negative health conditions such as AIDS, of course any family will be negatively affected.MEDIA ARTICLE 1Work, Family, and Religion in Contemporary Society.By Nason-Clark, NancyPublication Sociology of ReligionDate S unday, September 22 1996In the opening essay to Work, family, and religion in contemporary society, authors Ammerman and Roof take that the days when business could ignore families and churches could take them for granted are over. Each of the contributors to this volume grapple with some facet of the dilemma facingReligion and religious organizations as they attempt to minister effectively to diversified and changing family forms. The book is organized into two sections assessing the links among religion, family, and bring in, and exploring emerging patterns for responding to the contemporary needs of individuals and family units.Essays by penny Long Marler, and Wade Clark Roof and Lyn Gesch, examine the link between traditional family forms and religious institutions. Marler demonstrates how mainline churches gather in been able to keep their market donation of two husband-wife-plus-children families and the elderly, but have lost ground with younger singles and those in non traditional households. Interestingly, she examines the process by which church programs for children and the youth are staffed and supported by older church members who remember with fondness their own participation in the life of the church as a family unit. Roof and Gesch note that attitudes in support of families participating in religion together occur most strongly amongst those who have the traditional family structure to match.Several essays examine the relationships among religion, gender, and paid employment both Lyn Gesch and Charles Hall explore the inter- and intra-personal dynamics impacting upon womens employment status. Each of these chapters draws attention to the importance of gender images and gender expectation as women determine their role in the unexampled world. Using NORC data from 1972-1990, Bradley Hertel offers a detailed examination of religiosity and labor force participation among men and women. He concludes that by far the most strong challenge to or ganized religion lies in the work-related declines in membership and attendance attributable to the full-time employment of married women.Part Il of this collection invites the endorser to consider some of the implications of changing family constellations for religious groups. Chapters by Don Browning and Joseph Reiff consider the more grumpy religious or ethical ramifications of the trends documented in the earlier data-based chapters. In an especially insightful essay by Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, the relationship between church and family is examined within the African-American experience. Claiming that it is possible to interpret the report of the African-American experience as a succession of dislocations affecting the relationship between work and family, she argues that it is in the construction of alternatives for survival and growth that the current rush of black churches is best understood.Choosing innovation at the personal level can involve substantial cost, but it als o offers opportunities for immense rewards. Mary Johnson details the tight choices some defense workers face as they struggle to reconcile their work experiences with their faith perspectives, and eventually decide role-exit is their option of choice. On the other hand, William and Sylvia Johnson Everett explore patterns of work and family among couples who decide to merge their familial and employment lives and work together.Small groups, or the home cell ministry, are an innovation that Stuart Wright believes has the potential to bring vitality and revolution to both mainstream and conservative churches alike. Bill DAntonio traces the growth and development of Intentional Eucharistic Communities (IECs) that have emerged within and kept rather close links with the Roman Catholic tradition while Mary Jo Neitz looks at the construction of womens rituals within Limina, a group loosely united with Roman Catholic women, but clearly foreign the boundaries of mainstream Catholicism.Th is collection of essays has something to offer just about any scholar interested in the issues raised by work, family, and religion in modern society. For the empirically sophisticated, in that location are chapters that tease apart the nuances of religious participation, employment status, gender, and parenthood. For those preferring narratives of the linkages between work and family, or case studies documenting the choices ordinary men and women make, there are several teeming accounts of the process by which ones religious ideology intertwines with ones familial and work settings. Moreover, other chapters offer a more passioned plea for a return to the strong bond between family and faith.Without a religious institutions have been called upon to respond to the changes impacting families across the nation. The editors have pulled together a wide array of scholars to document the dilemmas facing churches and families of faith as we move towards the 21st century. For the most part , the chapters are clear and concise and though there is some unevenness in quality and scope, readers will not be disappointed. There is oftentimes in this volume to satisfy both the seasoned scholar and the undergraduate student.CRITICAL ANALYSISThe concept of work family and religion is linked with one another in a sense that a person work for his/her life to live, move in society to improve his/her life musical mode in life only because of work, a person can earn can live a better life of his/her own choice in society.In case of family it also plays a very important role in society because a person in this world wishes to succeed his/her family in society to get fame in society. Means that both work and family have very close relationship with one another.In case of religion, it has a much broader view from each person or family point of perspective because every one wants to hold in importance to God to prayers or to church to get by the line of success in life. Lets take t he example of a Muslim point of view about their religion Islam. They have a strong belief that asking from God by fulfilling the needs of prayers in order to get success in life because they believed that God come premier then the melodic theme of work and family all these things are based on God, if God will be happy we can easily achieve all these things in life. Same is the case with Christianity and Christians point of view about rescuer that by going to the church regularly saying their prayers share the good and bad things such as ideas/sins with a priest in order to change their bad deeds into good ones they have to ask from Jesus in order to get success. I am not referring towards the idea that hard working is not important and justly saying prayers either in the mosques or in the church for earning or success in life for all there things it is necessary to have some ability to be meliorate and work hard in life not just by wasting their time in rubbish things. So here in the idea to be educated a baby is not born with idea of education from his/her childhood he/she learn a lot from society lot in their surroundings from parents so his/ her foundation is based on family and that family is then linked up with society.The media raised the above specified issue in denomination 1, because they actually want to show a comparison of the importance of work, religion and family in the past and in the present. In the past mess utilize to gave a lot of importance to work, daily business in their lives, religion i.e. the role contend by religion in the lives of people but in all this process they ignored the importance of family that why family is important , or why it is important to give more importance to family in life. But now con discriminate to the present time churches want to gave more importance to family as well as work and religion because according to their point of views family is also very important because the preaching of religion and churches are only for society, and what constitutes a society the people who are living in that society , the role played by families in a society and in families the role played by elders, so according to some churches that it is important to give more importance to the role played by elders in a society because they fulfill all the criterias of family in life, but this view is contradicted by some churches that it is important that elders play a very important role in a family but along with elders the younger ones i.e. the siblings in a family means that the young minds in a family are also of great importance because the whole generation depends on the young minds in a family so if the young minds will not be orthogonal and have the complete opportunities in life for the exploration of new ideas and concepts then in that case such type of family will not be considered as the good family in society.MEDIA ARTICLE 2Address (URL)http//www.lib.mq.edu.au/e-access/document.php?save=1H YPERLINK http//www.lib.mq.edu.au/e-access/document.php?save=1eid=52052HYPERLINK http//www.lib.mq.edu.au/e-access/document.php?save=1eid=52052eid=52052CRITICAL ANALYSISIn the past aboriginal family life modal value was very simple. They gave more importance to family. In their families they have father, mother brother and sister. They were all linked with one another because of love. They have great sympathy and kernel full of emotions for one another. They were badly discriminated by the white people, because of their dark skin they were not respected in a society among the white people. The white people were used to rape their woman their woman was not respected like the white people woman.When the children were born they were brutally snatched from their parents. Children were also not comfortable in the field of education. They were not provided as much educational facilities like the white people. They were not provided of basic things in life like the white people.When ever a baby was born in their families not of dark skin so they were snatched by the white people so before they were carried away by them their families used to hide them from their cruel hands.This is true that the dark skin people have strong family views. They have their own family values, rules and regulation for spending their lives, but their ideas were not to the full developed about the idea of success in life. They were not completely aware about the true meaning of life that to work hard in order to improve their standard of living in life. They used to live in caves and like to prefer the forests for their places of living. When the white people came at that time they have not strong and clear views about the idea of family, they were completely unaware of this thing the used to live together without getting married having children without any sort of strong relationship. They were more concerned with the idea of drugs and alcohol as compared to dark people, who in the beginni ng were completely unaware of using drugs in their lives. The white people induce this habit in them.This article is written to highlight the demonstrable aspects of aboriginal families, that the concept of family is very strong among them in a sense that they give more importance to the members in their families such as more respect to their elders, respect their decisions, great love for their younger ones. According to this article the writer nerve-wracking to convince that it is true that there are some negative aspects among the family lives of aboriginal people but along with some negative aspects they have some positive aspects too.For fulfilling the needs of negative aspects of aboriginal families government has to play a very important role such that the school curriculum must be designed in a way that children from aboriginal families must also take some advantage in the field of education because the community must be best identified through the importance of education in that particular community that either the ratio of people regarding education is raising in that particular community or not and if raised then get to know that up to which extent it has been raised. Through this process aboriginal families can be considered as the respectable families in society as compared to other communities.REFRENCESClark, Nason. Nancy. (1996). Work, Family, and Religion in Contemporary Society. Sociology of ReligionWalker, Y. (1993). Aboriginal family issues. Family Matters, 35, 51-53.Skolnick, Arlene S., Skolnick, Jerome H. (2009). Family in Transition. New York Pearson Education

Distribution And Abundance Of Marine Invertebrates Biology Essay

Distribution And Abundance Of Marine Invertebrates Biology EssayMany marine namby-pambys of diverse and varied phyla, realize a common reproductive strategy that involves a multi-phase life cycle that occupies two dramatically different environmental habitats. The separate mobile pelagic larval phase and the predominantly sedentary or sessile bottom dwelling phase is linked by a settlement event. Larval forms are ordinarily really different from adult forms. Reproduction involves the eggs and sperm and/ or larvae being released in generally very jumbo numbers into the irrigate pillar. Here, intimately of the pelagic larvae are potentially capable of dispersing long distances from parental populations. They develop and grow for a certain period of time before metamorphosing into adults. During their time in the water column, the larvae feed on phytoplankton and small zooplankton, including other larvae. Their small size and abundance also make them susceptible to depredatio n by other larger marine creatures. Their huge numbers probably increase their chances of survival. Overall the prob talent of successful recruitment is low. It used to be thought that this strategy represented an fall in system where chance settling out of larvae led to distribution and abundance of benthal phase adults governed mainly by view-recruitment effects (Thorson,1950, Caley,1960) Several recent studies on the dispersing larval phase of marine invertebrate life cycles suggest that patterns of larval grant are not the only factor influencing invertebrate population kinetics. It is at present thought that the larvae themselves can influence their probability of success. Larval behaviours are responses to two challenges predator evasion and selection of a suited settlement site. Supply aspect ecology ( Lewin. 1986) emphasizes the section of recruitment in limiting adult populations and structuring benthic communities. At the end of the dispersal phase, the abundance of larvae at settlement can be highly variable, twain spatially and temporally. Variation in settlement can be caused by larval mortality and predation rates, transport mechanisms and larval behaviours. Moreover, yoke of larval supply with adult abundance seems also to effect distribution (Hughes et al 2000) The extent to which local larval recruitment depends on production by local adults is not clear and the extent of relative spread outness of marine benthic invertebrate populations is uncertain.(Strathmann et al, 2002, Swearer et al 2002) However, on that point seems to be significant planktonic processes in the pre-settlement stage that that influence population dynamics of settlement, recruitment and posterior adult populations. Habitat selection by planktonic larvae can overcome patterns predicted by patterns of larval supply (Jenkins, 2005).Factors influencing distribution and abundance of speciesBiotic and abiotic interactions and dynamics within each phase of the life cycle have the potential to influence the distribution and abundance of the adult populations. Adult populations have specific environmental requirements and occupy habitats with particular constraints. These may be physical characteristics such as tidal gradient, exposure, rugosity, habitat involvedity, depth. coarseness and temperature gradients.There are also biotic factors. A readily available food supply is fundamental but distribution is also influenced by competition and predation. The exact for reproduction and dispersal ofttimes favours clustering or at least close proximity of adults to ensure fertilization. Dispersal and recruitment of the larval stage ensures the length of the species but the role of the planktonic larval stage in invertebrate population dynamics is not yet fully understood. Differences in recruitment set out both both temporally and spatially but the extent that this effect has on adult abundance and distribution is still a matter of flip (Jenkin s, 2005, Pawlik, 1968, Hughes et al, Grosberg and Levitan. 1992 and others). The influences of post settlement density related processes of predation and competition have to be considered in relation to influences effecting the larval stages of the invertebrate.Reproductive strategies influencing dispersal and recruitmentA multi-phase life cycle is a reproductive strategy that can offer several payoffs for benthic dwelling invertebrates especially those with sessile adult phases such as barnacles and tunicates or sedentary adult phases, such as mussels and crabs. The evolution of a larval stage allows adults with limited movement to disperse their young into new territories. The ability to disperse is an important adaptations of benthic marine invertebrates. The length of time the larvae spend in the water column can be hours days weeks or months depending on the species. Lecithotropic larvae are provided with a source of nutrition to use during their dispersal, usually in the form of a yolk sac, although some lecithotrophic larva can feed many, such as tunicatesare will not, and have to settle before their food source runs out. As a result, these species have short pelagic larval stages and generally do not disperse long distances.(Pawlik, 1986, Pawlik 1992) Planktotrophic development is the most common type of larval development, especially among benthic invertebrates. Many species have relatively long pelagic larval durations. During this time in the water column larvae feed and grow, and many species move through several stages of development. Barnacles, for example, undergo six moults before becoming a ciprid at which stage the stage they search for an appropriate substrate. to settle on (Molenock and Gomez, 1972). This strategy produces the potential of long distances dispersal and colonization of new territorys it also enables species to move aside from any habitat that has become non-viable or overcrowded. Larval dispersal, or advection away from th e spawning site may decrease competition between the different life stages as larvae use a different food source from the adults. Moreover, filter-feeding adults such as barnacles, are less(prenominal) likely to imbibe their own offspring and other benthic predators are also avoided. A pelagic larval phase that has a long duration is a strategy that could help some species break there parasite cycles.Settlement and recruitment are the initial processes in determining adult population structures. The term settlement is used to describe the transition from a pelagic to a benthic way of life. This is the process where the larvae descend from the water column and take up a permanent abode on the sea bed. Metamorphic changes allow the larvae to acquire the features suitable for their new benthic life style. The settlement process starts with the onset of behaviour patterns associated with a phase of searching for suitable substratum, In the case of sessile invertebrates, this is succeede d by the initiation of permanent attachment to the substratum. This triggers morphogenic changes which culminate in metamorphosis into the juvenile form. Recruitment is generally a speech to newly settled individuals that have survived to a specified size after their settlement (Keough Downes 1982).Variability in recruitment to adult populations is a significant dynamic in the dispersal and abundance of marine invertebrates. The analysis of mechanisms which control settlement and recruitment and of the conditions under which recruitment variation affects adult distribution and abundance is complex but fundamental to understanding population and community variability.Supply side ecologySupply-side ecology is a term coined by Lewin (1986). This way of looking at population dynamics incorporates the potential role that variable larval input and variable recruitment plays in determining the size of local adult populations, Caley et al. 1996, Hughes 1984, 1990, Hughes et al. 2000, Gain es and Roughgarden 1985, Roughgarden et al. 1985) Larval. supply is influenced both by transport mechanisms and larval behaviours. Variation in settlement potential can impact on the distribution and abundance of adult invertebrate populations.Influence of larval supply (or successful recruitment) on population or community structure and its importance relative to other factors.The abundance of larvae in the water column affects the temporal variability of settlement. Post-settlement mortalities can be potentially re amazed by new settlement from a plentiful larva supply where benthic mortality is caused by density independent factors (Karlson and Levitan, 1990). Variability in larval supply can be associated with reproductive cycles of adult individuals (Roughgarden et al 1991). Pelagic larval forms are very susceptible to predation by various other marine animals. Rates of larval mortality can affect larval supply for settlement and recruitment. mortality levels can be reduced b y larval behaviour strategies aimed at predator avoidance . This is particularly significant in estuaries which often serve as nursery areas for fish and as a consequence are generally more abundant in predators (Dibacco et al 2001). Avoidance behaviour takes place on both small and large scales. Some larvae avoid predation at a small scale by sinking down the water column when threatened by a predator (Zaret and Suffern, 1976). More commonly a general large scale predator avoidance strategy used by many larvae is that of becoming nocturnally active. This limits fish predation as most fishes need alight to find and hunt their prey. During the day the larvae are inactive and in shallow waters they remain hidden. Many invertebrate larvae may avoid predators by leaving the immediate coastal zone and developing in the open sea where their are fewer predators. In the open sea, in common with other planktonic species, invertebrate larvae can significantly reduce their risk of predation through diel vertical migrations (Marta-Almeida M, et al 2006) During the day they sink down to in the water colem were there is less light and fewer predators and come up to shallow waters where they feed at night on food such as micro-algae which are abundant in the photic zone. Variable predation at different depths may affect spatial variation of larvae within the water column. Varying mortality can be caused by retention in the water column for too long. The highest mortality in marine populations occurs during the larval stages, so mortality plays a significant though largely unquantified role in larval dispersal.Abiotic effects such as wind patterns (Mc Quaid Phillips, 2000) currents and other hydrographic factors (Gaines et al 1985, Pineda, 2007) can directly influence larval distribution and supply. as a style of larval transport Larval behaviours responding to local hydrographic features (Jackson 1986) can indirectly influence supply. Larval behaviours by positioning the mselves strategically in the water column can utilise or avoid tidal flows or currents. (Gaines et al. 1985, Forward, R.B. Jr, and R.A. Tankersley 2001) This may be important in returning to find the restrictive habitat requirements call for for adult populations. Larvae are capable of. highly discriminative behaviours ,particularly on small scales where larval behaviour can be an important determinant not moreover of larval distribution and abundance but their behaviour patterns may also influence the subsequent adult distribution and abundance through local variations in settlement and / or recruitment.Although some larvae can extend their survival for a short time if they do not find a suitable place to settle (Gimenez, 2004), their life span as a larva is finite and survival depends ultimately on successful settlement and recruitment. Delay can influence post metamorphic effects and ultimate success. Larvae that have spent too long in the water column may settle and recruit ju veniles that have less chance of survival to adults. In this way the influence of the larval stage has bearing on the subsequent adult population.Successful recruitment involves the selection of and often the attatchment to a suitable substrate and subsequent metamorphoses. There are many dangers at this stage. Larvae of shore dwelling species need to avoid becoming stranded by the tide and becoming desiccated. They must find a settlement site at an appropriate tidal height for the requirements of the adult phase and avoid competition. This is a limiting factor for sessile invertebrates space as the larvae need to find space on the habitat where they can settle as well as avoiding predation from adult filter feeders. Overcoming these problems depends on larval behaviours and responses to chemical cues and physical cues such as geo taxis and/or photo taxis. Different species have different triggers (Morse, 1991, Gebauer et al 2004). The interaction of physical processes and biologica l reactions to chemical cues. are particularly significant on small spacial scales. These interactions represent active selection of micro-sites and effect both the settlement processes and the abundance of settlement. Chemical cues can be from conspecific individuals (Crisp and Meadows, 1962, Kingsford et al 2002, Pawlick 1986) microbial films (Rodrigues et al.1992) and prey species. Many herbivorous species are induced to settle by presence of crustose algae on which they feed eg abalone (Morse1990 and limpets (Steneck,1982) Barnacle larvae at settlement are influenced by the speed of water flow, contours of the sub-stratum. and increases in light levels (Crisp, 1976).It is thought that some recruitment may take the form of short and episodic pulses (Levin 2006). Recruitment windows, (Pineda,2007) where settlement events take place simultaneously in large numbers, sometimes over wide areas have been identified for some species such as corals, but mechanisms and interactions at wor k are not understood fully. In open systems like these, degradation of breeding stocks could result in a reduced recruitment to a wider areas.(Hughes et al 2000). Variation in dispersal and the processes and patterns of demographic connections work together to influence patterns of distribution and abundance.Variation in recruitment can also effect the potential survival of the recruits to form adult populations, as numbers of recruits can potentially effect the extent of subsequent biological inter-actions such as predation.(Fairweather, 1988). In this way post-settlement effects can be influenced both by patterns of settlement and environmental factors.ConclusionUnderstanding the population dynamics of marine invertebrates requires the consideration of the interplay of all stages of the invertebrate life cycle with its environment not only those affecting the adult forms. Larval abundance, mortality, transport mechanisms and behavior before and during settlement are all significan t variables that can effect adult populations. The role that multiphase life cycles and their complex inter-relationship with marine ecosystems play in determining population abundance and distribution is not clear. The larval stage of invertebrates has for many days been a largely unknown quantity, but knowledge about the role of larval behaviors is growing. In order to understand the processes by which larvae are dispersed in the water column and to assess recruitment potential, new chemical methods of key outing larval species with similar morphologies using an environmental sampling processor may make it easier to detect, identify and quantify different larval species in situ in the marine environment (Jones et al 2008) Where different behavioural patterns between species evade or take advantage of the general effects of physical oceanographic conditions such as currents or temperature variations, detection, analyses and quantification may further the understaning of the influ ence this may have on the complexities of settlement and recruitment and their subsequent effects on population abundances and distribution..

Eleven Minutes Written By Paul Coelho Summary English Literature Essay

Eleven Minutes Written By Paul Coelho Summary English Literature EssayOnce upon a succession there was a prostitute called female horse. The unexampled Eleven Minutes is most a young adult named m ar who finds herself through travelling around atomic number 63 in order to achieve her envisages to become famous. Although this was not what she achieved she gear up energizeual love even after she was certain she will never find true love. female horse experiences what she thinks love is at a very young age. From the age eleven she fell in love with her neighbour and hated him when he didnt love her back, she so had many boyfriends and experienced the depths of relationships until she decided she didnt need a boy and promised to never fall in love again. At the age nineteen she decided she cute to pursue her dream and persuaded her boss for a week holiday.After travelling to Rio de Janeiro she met a Swiss man who offers her work as a Samba dancer in a nightclub in Geneva. R ealising dancing was not her passion, she quit the job and searched for work as a model besides found herself creation offered currency for one night with an Arab man. This night led her to the brothel, Copacabana in deplore de Berne where she began work as a prostitute as she enjoyed the easy money and the way she got it. Here she worked many nights merely only befriended one colleague, Nyah, as many other women saw her as a threat to their profession. The dehumanizing profession caused her to unsympathetic out her body and mind to any connection with love and her life now revolved around something that took eleven minutes which was the time maria found that was actually spent having sex. As Maria only worked at night, she spent her days at the library, befri resultant the librarian and taking out books on many contrasting subjects such as how to learn French, books about sex and recruit management. She too explored the city which led her to the Road to Santiago where she meets a Swiss incommodeter, Ralf hart. Hart as a painter, love her light that she gave off and asked if he could draw a portrait of her. This encounter caused Marias body and soul to become reintegrated because of the love and passion she shared with him although they first argue and he disrespects her profession.One particular client however, enabled her to experience pain yet reach a sense of pleasure from sex cognise as sadomasochism. This brought her to realise that pain and pleasure can relate. Although she experienced this, she didnt tell Ralf Hart and one day he introduced her to a assorted sense of pain that helped her to travel beyond any other pleasures. After several meetings with Ralf Hart, often at his house they shared something she didnt share with any other clients. She fell dispiritedly in love with him as he brought her to rekindle her soul as it was only destroyed from her profession. Maria wherefore felt she needed to leave Rue de Berne because of her feel ings and travel home to her family regardless of the fact that if she worked for just six months longer, she could have given her family everything they desire. She then buys a ticket to Brazil, disappointed that she hadnt filled her suitcases with souvenirs as she has wished. Before travelling back home she wanders around the city grasping the concepts, saying goodbye to those she had grown close to. During this time, the reader begins to learn about the librarian as Maria listens to what she has to say after she has read many books about sex after ordering them for the library. The librarian explains her life to Maria and although Maria does not know what to say, she simply listens and allows the librarian to express herself. However, Maria does ask if she had ever had an affair and although she did, she never told this to Maria.In the evening saw Ralf for the last time, or at least what she thought would be the last time as the love they experienced with each other brings them cl oser than past relationships. Ralf Hart becomes the hopeless romantic and meets Maria in the airport and the words The End appear on the cinema screen.Narrative StyleThis falsehood is written in third soul singular with an omniscient elbow room but however shifts to first person singular when Maria writes in her diary She grew prettier and prettier, and her sad, mysterious ways brought her many suitors. and Everything tells me that I am about to make a wrong decision, but making mistakes is just a part of life. What does the world want of me? This therefore indicates that there is an epistdary style to the sweet as Marias thoughts are shared through diary entries. The pronouns he and she are frequently used and characters are continuously addressed by their names. The novel is also written with an intrusive style But if, one day, someone should decide to tell her story, she would ask them to begin it with just as all the ottoman tales begin Once upon a time.Character AnalysisM aria is an independent, selfless young lady who dreams of success which she will go out of her way to achieve. This is shown through her determination and even during her self-destroying profession she longs to achieve her dream she had since she was a little girl even though this is achieved through an adventure which causes her to change from being the ingenuous young girl she was. Maria is caring woman, this characteristic is portrayed through her nights with many clients as she not only gives them sexual pleasure but she also relieves them of their problems by discussing their life problems and items. She is also a friendly lady as although Ralf Hart first offends her profession she still continues to talk and resolve the tension which then leads to a friendship and then a relationship. Her friendliness is also shown through her relationship between the librarian and her work colleagues although they see her as a threat. Maria is also devoting as she spends the money she perso nally earned on her family in order for her family to succeed in life by buying a farm for her family.Language DictionEleven Minutes is a descriptive novel that uses informal language often including language commonly used amongst many people. thither are many conversations in the novel between the characters, especially dialect between Maria and her sexual clients as well as between herself and Ralf Hart and Maria and the librarian. Techniques of creative writing are used such as personification Geneva would just be the face of a man she loved and whom had loved her. There are also quite a few rhetorical questions which emphasize the situation and allow the reader to become involved with the situation in the novel. Several long sentences are used to describe feelings or preys She was beginning to realise that after long months of self-control, the pressure, the earthquake, the volcano of her soul was showing signs that it was about to erupt, and the blink of an eye that this hap pened, she would have no way of controlling her feelings. Short sentences are also used to make an impact and emphasize the meaning, for instance She was terrified.ImageryThe vision is evident passim the novel because all stimuli are aroused. Tactile imagery is evident when Maria sleeps with many different men because of her profession. The novel is very descriptive when Maria and Ralf Hart discuss their sexual relationships and when he seeks her as a customer Maria felt Ralfs hand on her waist, his cheek pressed to hers and the euphony Thank God was too loud for them to talk. This description of Ralf and Marias encounter therefore links to auditory imagery as one can imagine the blend in of the music around them. There is a sense of smell when Ralf caresses Marias face with his fingers she can smell just a hint of ink on them, a smell that will stay there forever, even if he washes his hands Visual imagery is foreseen throughout the novel when Maria enters the church before leaving back to Brazil. The novel explains traditions of a church splendid stained-glass windows and empty cross she was confronted not by an instrument of torture, by the bloodied body of a dying man, but by a symbol of resurrection Taste imagery is evident when Maria has experience with a variety of foods, in Brazil she can only bear with sandwiches and occasionally restaurants however, in Switzerland she eats more extravagantly and dines at more expensive restaurants after she is employed at The Copacabana.ThemesThe theme of discovery, pain and loneliness is evident throughout the novel as Maria had to experience pain throughout her life in order to discover her true self. Loneliness is shown through the novel as Maria was lonely and her soul and mind was lost in order for her to continue with her difficult career choice. Discovery also relates to this as she observe herself from having made love with Ralf Hart and she began to feel much happier and realise that she had found love and that her soul was rejuvenated. The theme of sexual relations is represented abstrusely throughout the novel as Maria is a prostitute and has many sexual relationships throughout the novel because of this. Sex in the novel is a very paramount theme especially when Ralf Hart helps Maria to discover that sex is sacred and goes beyond ones soul. This theme may link to love and romance as Maria falls in love with Ralf Hart and they begin a relationship together after she flies home from Switzerland to Brazil.SettingThis novel has various different settings which all motivate the novel in various ways. Whilst Maria is a young girl, the novel is set in Brazil in a occult town. At nineteen she travels to Rio de Janeiro, a famous city for its carnival celebrations and many dances. These two scenes encourage the novel because as a young girl her parents are poor and as she begins to travel she wants to earn a decent salary to be able to support her family. As a young girl Maria al so dreams to have the typical lifestyle and a glittery life and by moving from a secluded area to a populated town, Marias dream is truly reflected. The novel then takes the reader to Geneva in Switzerland then to Rue de Berne, down town from Geneva where sadly she becomes a prostitute but meets Ralf Hart.GenreThe literary genre of Eleven Minutes is romance because of the relationships between Maria and her clients. Although Maria didnt fall in love with her many clients, she fell in love with a man who had occasionally entered The Copacabana and then paid for a night with her. The two endured sex and love and experienced what is called sacred sex in the novel. The genre could also be true life drama as the story line is based on a persons life but is altered in ways so that it isnt simply a biography. I say this because Maria experiences prostitution that is portrayed through everyday life although it is often not verbalize about.Aspects I likedI enjoyed the fact that Maria final ly realised that prostitution was not the way she should live her life and that although after another class she would have earned enough money to pursue her lifelong dreams and give her parents the life they had dreamed of, she left Geneva in order to live her life a better way. The novel also helped me to gain insight that there is a different side of earning a living and that prostitution is a solving that young women make. I also enjoyed the fact that Ralf Hart went through effort in order to please Maria at the airport. It was the typical tender moment that every hopeless romantic will love. Despite this, I didnt enjoy that the novel ending in this way as I felt that the ending was a clich in comparison to the novel. I feel that the reader is able to imagine the ending before actually reading it which spoils the novel as it involves deep discussion about prostitution but then changes to a typical romance.RecommendationsI would recommend this novel to any high school child tha t is train and mature to read about sexual relationships and prostitution. The novel is very open regarding the subjects sex and love and defines that sex without love is of no use. Saying this, I would specifically recommend this novel to teenage girls over the age of 17 because the theme, prostitution can be offensive to those who do not have an open mind. The novel discusses prostitution which is not an everyday topic although it can be a part of everyday life for certain people and it involves deep descriptions about sex and the discovery of sex in different ways. I would also recommend this novel to a woman who feels that they were once just a sexual object for men as the novel suggests female sexuality although it is explained through prostitution.

farewell to arms :: essays research papers

In Hemingways semi-autobiographical classic A Farwell to Arms, Lieutenant Fredrick Henry labors through the first macrocosm war, then referred to as the war to end all wars. Henry is an American ambulance driver enlisted in the Italian army stationed in Austria. When a mortar explodes in Henrys field post and nearly blows off his knee, hes sent to an American-run hospital in Milan, Italy. There he re-unites with his lover, Catherine Barkley, an English take he had a previous relationship on his days in a peaceful Austrian city which consisted of playing a game of sorts, she asking him to declare his love until finally, to her dissent, Henry does declare legitimate affection with the utmost sincerity. The two then begin a torrent love affair inner the military hospital. During his six-month furlough, Henrys attitude about the war drastically changes. When having an intimate conversation with Barkley one night he says If people bring so much courage to this world the world has t o break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks everyone and aft(prenominal)ward many are strong in the broken places. merely those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the brave impartially. This quote illustrates a very cynical point of view after Henry has lost his faith in human nature. Soon, he wishes to be completely isolated from all current international proceedings. The German army curtly invades Italy, and Fredrick ultimately decides to run off to Switzerland with Nurse Barkley and escape the horrors of the war, rather than fight the invasion. During the retreat, the Italian Army was executing the officers considered traitors for not leading their men during a clip of impending doom on the Austrian front.

Gay Marriage Essay -- Homosexuality, argumentative, persuasive

Marriage is the legal or religious ceremony that formalizes the decision of two raft to live as a married couple. Marriage should not be based on what others think. When people get married in a straight person union, they do it for their own happiness, not for the happiness of others. Gay marriage is the same way. Homosexuality has always been around and will continue to exist. Why should homosexuals be denied the rights of heterosexuals? No one has the right to say that homosexuals chiffonier not marry. That is discriminating against another group of individuals who want equality. Gay marriage should be owned people were do with the capacity to love, no one should try to win over that, not the Bible, the Constitution, or anyone.Marriage is stated many times in the Bible. But the Bible and the Amendments can be interpreted many ways. Marriage is a religious ceremony, But I cannot imagine even the most fervent Christian obeying all of graven images laws (Bond) Nobody is perfect , but our flaws make who we are. If we dont always follow a few rules here and there it is okay because we are that human. Most parents teach their children to be different and dont let others influence them. The same thing should go for gays. The people that are trying to change them are not going to succeed. Gays were made fore a certain reason, but our country has to figure that out first in order accept them. In the Bible, Jesus blesses the children and sends the young rich men away Jesus said, Truly I tell you, there is no one who left house, brothers, sisters, mother, father, children, or fields for my sake and for the sake of the good news, who will not receive a hundredfold now in this age --- houses brothers, sisters, mothers, children and fields with... ..., it will come. works CitedDeMarco, Donald. Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be aloneowed. The Family. Ed. Auriana Ojeda. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2014. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.Bond, Julian. Opposing Same-Sex Marriage Discriminates Against Gays. Discrimination. Ed. Jacqueline Langwith. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.Dykstra, Laurel. Not All Queers Want to Marry. Homosexuality. Ed. Paul Connors. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2013. Current Controversies. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.Mercer, Ilana. Gay Couples Have Equal Rights. 2014. Rpt. in Does Equality Exist in America? Ed. Stuart A. Kallen. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2014. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.